A Biography of Indian Yellow Essay

Indian Yellow is a raw pigment which, as the name suggests, originated in India in the 17th atomic number 6 and was use until the early 20th century. Its source remained a mystery for many age. In 1786 the amateur painter, Roger Dewhurst recorded in letters to friends, that Indian yellowish was an constitutional substance made from the urine of animals fed on turmeric (Myers, pg 1). Around this time, the English chemist George Field claimed it was made from camel urine.In 1839, J.F.L. Merimee, denied its association with urine in spite of its odor, citing its origin was a shrub called memecylon tinctorium in his book The Art of Painting in Oil and Fresco, In 1886 the ledger of the Society of arts in London began a systematic inquiry of the pigment, revealing that Indian yellow was manufactured in rural India (in particular in Monghyr, a metropolis in Bengal) from the urine of oxen fed only on mango leaves and water (Finlay, pg 216-217). The collected urine was heated in order t o precipitate the yellow matter, then strained, pressed into lumps by hand and dried, producing foul-smelling hard yellow balls of raw pigment, called purree (Mukharji, pg 16-17). European importers would then wash and purify the balls, separating greenish and yellow phases.It is the mango not the urine thats crucial to the color. The colorant is a magnesium salt of an organic acid released by the mango. Chemically it is magnesium euxanthate, the magnesium salt of euxanthic acid. call for more My Writing Process EssayNaturally, the cows that were exploited by this process were extremely undernourished. In part because mango leaves did not supply the cattle with sufficient nutrients along with the fact that these leaves contain the toxin urushiol, also found in poison ivy. In 1908, British law (which applied to colonized India) prohibited the work of Indian yellow, citing the torture of sacred animals. The pigment is believed to have first been used in Europe by Dutch artists in the 17th century (the Dutch having extensive trading links with India by then) and by the end of the 18th century across Europe in watercolor and oil painting. For the first years of its introduction in the European market, this pigment was simply named after its country of origin, Pure of India(Finlay, pg 209-211). This was further simplified to jaune indien (French), giallo indiano (Italian), Indischgelb (German) or Indian Yellow when translated into other languages (Myers, pg 1).Deep, exceed and luminescent, it was favored for its great body and depth of tone. It had a peculiar characteristic in its watercolor form of fading in artificial light and in the dark but being fairly stable in direct sunlight. In its oil form, it requires one hundred percent for grinding, dries slowly, and the addition of varnish improves its drying, in fact its lightfastness is also improved when it is isolated between layers of varnish.Dutch and Flemish painters of the 17th and 18th centuries favored it for its translucent qualities often using it to represent sunlight. beauteous as the color is, the pigment was said to be foul-smelling in its raw form. In the novel Girl With the Pearl Earring Vermeers patron remarks that Vermeer used cow piss to paint his wife, the pigment referred to was Indian Yellow. By the early twentieth century the pigment was no longer available, although its modern substitutes are clam up sold under the name Indian yellow.Bibliography1. Baer, N.S., Indian Yellow in Artists Pigments, a Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Volume 1, R.L. Feller, Editor, Oxford University Press, New York (1986) 2. Finlay, Victoria, Color A NAtural History of the Palette (2003 edition), Random House 3. Merimee, M.J.F.L., The Art of Painting in Oil and Fresco (2009 edition), Kessinger Publishing4. Mukharji, T.N., Piuri or Indian Yellow, Journal of the Society of Arts (1883-84) 5. Myers, David, Indian Yellow, The Art Blog of David Myers (February 1, 2011) http//toxi cgraphix.blogspot.com/2011/02/indian-yellow.html6. Indian Yellow, Pigments Through the Ages, webexhibits.orghttp//www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/indianyellow.html