Church and Government Essay

According to Article II, Section 6 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states that, the separation of Church and State shall be inviolable and Article III, Section 5 states, No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. . The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall be forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. Given the articles of the constitution regarding the relationship of the church and the state, is the Catholic Church violating the principle of the Separation of Church and State by daring to speak out against certain bills? First, what does the separation of the church and state really means? The separation of the state means that the state does not have an official religion. It means that the people are free to choose in what religion depending in their own belief. It also means that there should be no laws that shall be pass that favors a religion over the other. It also means that there should be no discrimination of the religion and belief of the people. In short, what the union of the church and the state really means is that the citizens should be forced to follow a particular doctrine and those that do not follow should be penalized. We can see from banners outside of cathedrals the popular phrase â€Å"No to RH Bill, Yes to Life.† But can we consider this action as a violation of the constitution? The separation of the church and the state does not mention that church officials cannot speak or try to influence the state policy. Since the Philippines is a democratic country, every person, group and organization is free to express their own opinion regarding certain issues. The church does not force people to go against a certain bills; the decision still lies in the people according to their conscience and understanding. It means that the church is not violating the constitution since it is only expressing its right to speak in order of its belief. Given the reasons above, that the Philippines has no state religion and given that the state does not subsidize the church, and that no church has any official access to the instruments of state power, I believe that the church does not violate the constitution and that there is really a separation of the church and the state.

Early learning studies Essay

In the first five years of life, a child has gone through rapid development in physical, cognitive, and social/emotional characteristics. Around the time these children start kindergarten, their growth has slowed down. However, it is still vital for the kindergarten teacher to know how their students have developed and what they can do to further develop their students as a whole. According to â€Å"Educating Children in Nursery Schools and Kindergartens† by Lillian L. Gore, by the age of 5 children are learning how to relate to others in a positive manner. This skill forms the basis of all human relations (16). In general, kindergarten-aged children are beginning to develop their own self image and their likes and interests through sensory and other experiences (Gore 16). To a kindergarten-aged child, the world is big and mysterious. The combination of physical, cognitive, and social/emotional development allow these children to explore and begin imposing basic order and control over their environments (Gore 16). Overall, these experiences allow children to understand and appreciate the world around them. When the teacher looks at the overall development of their kindergarten students, the physical, cognitive, and social/emotional aspects are relatively similar across each child. That is to say that each child experiences relatively the same development in all three areas. Physically, a kindergartener has two distinct developmental characteristics. #1 is the individual characteristics such as rate of growth, body build, and eye color (Gore 17). The teacher should respect each child’s unique characteristics and teach others to respect them as well. #2 is each kindergartener has a wide output of energy (Gore 17). A kindergarten teacher should expect their students to be fully active one day and inactive the next. Similarly, the activities the children participate in receive different levels of energy from day to day (Gore 17). Cognitive development in kindergarten in vital for a child to understand and experience all that school and the world have to offer. In Gore’s book, she notes two important cognitive developments that a kindergarten child experiences. #1 is the development of hand-eye coordination (Gore 17). At this stage, children are developing awareness for everything that needs both hands and eyes in order to function properly. As the teacher, you should be aware of the students and their surroundings. Particularly on the playground, the teacher should know the students inability to judge speeds and distances properly (Gore 17). To aid in the development of proper hand-eye coordination, the teacher should incorporate hand-eye coordination lessons and activities into the daily schedule. The second important cognitive development in kindergarteners is that they want to grow and learn (Gore 19). Kindergarten is a stepping stone into what school will be like for the rest of their lives, and the fact that each student wants to grow and learn makes the teacher’s job easier because the students are intrinsically motivated. To further their enjoyment of learning it is important for the teacher to provide conditions for each student to explore, discover, and feed their sense of wonder at their own pace (Gore 19). Teachers should also allow students to think and solve problems at their own pace as well (Gore 19). By letting each student work at his or her own pace, the student feeds their desire to grow and learn and also learns that they are capable of many things. One of the most important developments that kindergarten children make is social and emotional developments. Both these developments aid children in forming friendships, relationships and emotional maturity as their lives continue. Two social developments are highlighted in Gore’s book. #1 is that children will fluctuate their patterns of social growth and they may regress at times (Gore18). This is a natural process that children go through and navigating it can be tricky. As a teacher, we should encourage children to proceed in and out of groups at will (Gore 18). This will allow children to experience many different people and form many friendships. As teachers we should also encourage students to relate an experience with one group of students to experiences with another group (Gore 18). This will allow each student to mentally process each experience and decide which experiences they prefer to have, which in turn leads to them having friends of similar beliefs and interests. Above all, kindergarten children learn how to cooperate with others when they choose which group of students to associate with. The second social characteristic that kindergarten children develop is their preference of children of the same sex as playmates and friends (Gore 18). As a teacher we should support this development and help each child learn appropriate sex role with their peers. In addition, kindergarten teachers should also encourage children of the opposite sex to interact. When it comes to emotional characteristics of development, the #1 characteristic is that children in kindergarten are learning how to accept and give affection (Gore 18). This developmental characteristic is vitally important because if children do not learn how to give and accept affection, then all their relationships with others will be short-lived. We as teachers can help foster this important characteristic by providing warm relationships for emotional growth in the classroom and individually with your students (Gore 18). In addition to the developmental characteristics, a kindergarten teacher must also be aware of how they arrange their classroom. Utilizing space and organizing the classroom to best suit the needs of the students allows each kindergartener to maximize their use of the classroom. In Doris Fromberg’s book â€Å"The Full-day Kindergarten†, it is important to know both the teacher’s and the student’s views on four elements relating to classroom organization. Those four elements are; â€Å"Choice: what the students will be doing. Space: where the students will be engaged. Pacing: when the students will be participating. Social Activity: how and with whom the students will interact† (Fromberg 62). These elements are also applicable to what the students are doing in a kindergarten classroom and what activities they participate in. By understanding when and where to implement these four elements, the classroom experience will be enhanced for all the kindergarten students. In a kindergarten classroom, the students are capable of making choices that are relevant to the school-day procedure (Fromberg 62). When a kindergarten student, or any other person, chooses what to do, their attention is higher to that activity than if they had not chosen. However, this is not to say that kindergarten students enter into an â€Å"anything goes† classroom (Fromberg 62). The teacher has preselected and screened everything that is already in the classroom to ensure that it is safe and educationally-sound. The teacher also screens the materials that students bring from home on the same criteria (Fromberg 62). By ensuring that all materials in the classroom are on the same level and that the children decide what they want to do, they will establish a routine of making independent choices knowing that what they choose will spark their interests and be educationally appropriate. The space and organization of the classroom is an important concept to consider when in a kindergarten classroom. Kindergarten students enjoy moving around and being independent, but also need a sense of stability and security. How the classroom space is organized reflects four characteristics about the teacher and the classroom in general: 1) How independent the students are expected to be. 2) How responsible the students are expected to be. 3) Relays what activities are valued in the classroom. 4) How students will spend their time in the classroom (Fromberg 64). When organizing the classroom, it is important to keep materials where they will be used and in limited-use sections. By creating a section of the room only for writing, or art, or reading, children will be more focused on that activity or feel part of a small group (Fromberg 64). Limited-use sections also help the students answer the question, â€Å"What will I do next? † (Fromberg 64) For example, a child that is finished at the writing center will know that there is nothing more they can accomplish at this center; they decide that they want to work on their art project and move to the appropriate section. By utilizing limited-use sections, the students are minimizing procrastination and are maximizing their ability to select their own choices. By using these elements, Fromberg describes a properly organized kindergarten classroom. In a kindergarten classroom, all materials are stored where they will be used; books are in the reading areas, writing supplies are in the writing area, and art supplies are in the art area. The students work in the areas where the materials are stored. This not only keeps them focused on their tasks, but also eliminates the possibility of misplacing materials. These active work areas should be located away from student desks or other areas where students are meant to concentrate and reflect (Fromberg 64). In addition, the teacher should always organize their classroom where they and the students are visible to each other at all times. This not only allows the teacher to monitor behavior, but it also allow students to see what model behavior looks like. In addition to the organization of the room, there also needs to be proper time management as well. Proper time management can help reduce the issues that arise in those students who have ADHD or other unpredictable behavior patterns (Fromberg 66). In a full day kindergarten classroom, it is beneficial to have a whole-class planning session in the morning and afternoon, with a small gathering before lunch or around 11:00 AM according to Fromberg (66). Kindergarten instructors have found it helpful to provide at least two long activity blocks of 30 minutes or more each day (Fromberg 66). In this time, the students will be engaging with the different sections of the room; art, writing, reading, etc. at their own choice and pace. From having this time to select which activity to do and how long to do it for, the students are inspired to make long-range plans and increase their sense of control over their environment (Fromberg 66). Within the kindergarten environment, the lessons and activities should emphasize academic content but also personal relationships and social behaviors. While kindergarten does prepare students to â€Å"do school† and everything that comes with it, I believe that lessons and activities that stress proper relationship techniques and social behaviors are just as important. For example, kindergarteners may not realize what they say sometimes and although they find nothing wrong with it, the teacher or others students will. Having several lessons on how to talk to other students in a nice and polite way will not only benefit the students in class, but they can take that knowledge and apply it to other situations as well, such as talking to adults. Lessons that demonstrate proper social behaviors and etiquette will also benefit kindergarteners. For example, how to stay quiet and listen while another person is talking or how to solve conflicts in a respectful manner will again not only benefit the students in the classroom, but also prepare them for the world as they grow older. Finally, classroom management is very important in a kindergarten class. A teacher could have a perfectly organized room and excellent lessons, but if they cannot manage their students they will never get a chance to utilize their room or lessons. Firstly, the kindergarten teacher should make a set of class rules for the school year. In addition to their professional opinion, the teacher should ask the students themselves what rules should be followed during the school year. This serves two purposes: 1. it reinforces the element that children are capable of making relevant choices pertaining to school and 2. It allows the students to feel that they have a say in how the classroom is to be run. By having this sense of control, the students are more likely to follow the rules and provide less argument when disruptions arise. Secondly, student behavior accountability should be established. In her article â€Å"Classroom Management†, Jody Camp describes her accountability system. She has four circles displayed in her room, each a different color and face. All the students have a clothes pin with their name on it. Every morning each student starts on the green smiley face. If a student breaks one classroom rule, they move their clothes pin to the yellow face. The yellow face is a warning for the student to start acting correctly. In addition to that, the student loses 5 minutes of recess. If the student breaks another rule, they move to the red face, which means the student needs to stop and think about what they are doing. The student also misses an entire recess. The last face in Jody Camp’s management system is the blue sad face. This means that the student needs to go to the principal’s office (Classroom Management). By implementing these or similar classroom management techniques, any teacher will be successful and be able to focus the majority of their time on educating the minds of America. As a student moves through elementary school and into middle school many changes occur so fast that they may, to the frustration of teachers and parents, act like kindergarteners once more. However, it is important to realize and understand the developmental characteristics of middle school students so they still have a positive educational experience. Similar to kindergarten students, middle school students have their own unique set of physical, cognitive, and social/emotional characteristics. Physically, middle school students are in transition between their childhood bodies and their adult bodies. This leads to three main physical characteristics. Susan Robinson, Guidance Counselor at Southern Columbia School District in Catawissa, PA, nicely lays out physical characteristics of middle school students (5th-8th grade) on her webpage. The first physical characteristic is large muscle development (5th Grade Characteristics). In boys, this means that their arm and leg muscles are becoming more defined, as well as their abdomens. In girls, muscle development leads to growth spurts and gaining weight. The second physical characteristic is the desire to be outdoors and physically challenged (5th Grade Characteristics). It is at this time that both boys and girls become very interested in sports and physical activity. This characteristic can also lead to a decline in school performance because the students are more interested in playing outside than doing homework. The third physical characteristic is that they become restless and in constant motion (6th Grade Characteristics). The need to move and be active can also lead to declining performance because the students won’t be as focused. This can also lead to more discipline because the students can’t stay in one place for extended periods of time. Cognitively, middle school students are now open to more abstract and logical reasoning than ever before. The first cognitive characteristic is that 5th grade students have is an increased memory and ability to abstract (5th Grade Characteristics). The increase in memory potential allows the students to remember more academic information, but also helps them remember social activities like birthday parties and phone numbers. The second cognitive characteristic is the affinity for logical reasoning and problems solving (5th Grade Characteristics). 5th and 6th grade students are now using more of their brain in every aspect of life which allows them to solve and reason more than ever before. Similar to how kindergarten students like to impose control on their environments, middle school students enjoy the feeling of being able to solve a problem or think logically with classmates and teachers. The third cognitive characteristic of middle school students is their increased concentration in all aspects of school (5th Grade Characteristics). With the increase of concentration students are able to read, focus on homework, and participate in activities for longer periods of time. This cognitive gain can help balance out the need for movement during physical development. Middle school is the time when every student starts to define who they are and who they want to be. Socially and emotionally, each middle school student is becoming more mature as they grow older and it is important to know what developmental characteristics these students face. When a student is in 5th grade they are more socially and emotionally sound than 6th graders. The first developmental characteristic of 5th graders is that they are generally content with themselves and others (5th Grade Characteristics). At this stage they are in a state of equilibrium in terms of social and emotional growth. This is not to say that 5th graders are void of anger. When this age group gets angry, they tend to get angrier faster than usual but they also are faster to forgive (5th Grade Characteristics). The second characteristic of 5th graders is that they work well in groups and enjoy team-oriented activities such as sports and clubs (5th Grade Characteristics). Because they are generally content, it boosts 5th graders abilities to work cooperatively. This age group would benefit greatly from pods in the classroom and team-oriented competition. Lastly, 5th graders are mostly truthful and are developing a larger sense of right and wrong (5th Grade Characteristics). At this age, students want to be taken seriously because they feel that they have valuable opinions. They realize that they can’t lie and be taken seriously so they tell the truth. Also, as they are telling the truth more, they are expanding their sense of right and wrong. It is at this point when crucial right/wrong situations should be explained to the students such as drugs and alcohol. When a child hits 6th grade, they change once again and sometimes not for the better. There are three main characteristics of 6th graders from Susan Robinson’s website. The first is that 6th graders become more moody and sensitive (6th Grade Characteristics). 6th graders are starting to hit puberty and this messes with their normal selves. The hormones set off mood swings and sensitivity towards almost any situation. It is important to know this because it could be the cause of many problems with your students. The second characteristic is that 6th graders are becoming more autonomous and with that comes more opposition to rules and punishments (6th Grade Characteristics). As they get older, the students begin to realize that they are held to higher standards but still try to get around those expectations. This inevitably leads to confrontations between teacher and student(s) and the student(s) will test your patience at this age. The third characteristic is more positive. As the students age and grow during 6th grade, they will start to take on an adult personality (6th Grade Characteristics). They will lessen their oppositional behavior and become more respectful and dutiful in school work and social activities. While their bodies are going through a massive amount of change in a short period of time, it is important to layout the classroom, lessons, and management techniques to keep up with these middle school learners. First off, it is important to keep the students in groups when at their desks. This helps the students remain social with others and it helps the students to keep working in teams. As they are older, each student should be given their own desk. This allows the student to become more independent and it allows for individuality to show through if they are permitted to decorate their desk. Similar to the kindergarten room, there should be sections of the room where students can go to complete different assignments. Especially at this time, the movement will allow these students to relieve some tension from their growing bodies. Overall, the classroom at the middle school level starts to become similar to that of high school and college classrooms, but should still represent a sense of home and security for 5th and 6th graders. The lessons and activities that these students participate in should also be developmentally appropriate. At this stage of life, the students are beginning to think and reason logically. Therefore, lessons in math and science can enhance the individual student’s ability to think and reason logically. In addition to logic and reasoning, social skills are key to a healthy development. In 5th and 6th grade, it is important to teach and model proper social etiquette and behaviors. One way to accomplish this is to have the students sit in pods when at their desks. This serves two purposes: 1) it allows each student to work in close proximity to other students and 2) it allows students to practice proper social behavior on a daily basis. Lastly, students at this age are going through major physical changes and it is important to keep that in mind when designing lessons and activities. When possible, incorporate some form of physical movement into your lesson plans. This will allow the students to move their bodies and retain focus in school. If you simply let the students sit at their seats all day, they will become restless very quickly and will lose focus and interest in what you are trying to teach them. Similar to the kindergarten classroom, without successful classroom management techniques, the teacher will struggle to maintain focus and interest in their lessons. With this age group, routines are essential to having successful classroom management. As noted by many teachers, routines help the students to know what is coming next in the school day and how to proceed from one task to the next. With a regular routine, students won’t need to be told to take out their reading materials or their math books; they will already know what is coming. By establishing successful routines, the teacher can minimize distractions and maximize learning time. Another management technique that I remember from 6th grade was the use of a money management system. My teacher, Diane Dale, set up a management system that revolved around the use of a weekly â€Å"allowance† for each student. Each student started the week with a predetermined amount of â€Å"money†, i. e.$100. Actions in class had either a positive or negative effect on the student’s allowance. For example, if one student got a perfect on their math test, they may get $25 added to their account. If another student starts a fight on the playground, besides the consequences of the principal, they may lose $75. At the end of each week the students with the 3 highest allowances got to pick a prize from the â€Å"Class Treasure Chest†. To my recollection, this system worked well in our class and I plan on modifying this management system to create my own. All in all, as an elementary teacher it is important to know and be able to work with students from all age groups. By understanding the characteristics of the students in your class, you will be able to maximize the effectiveness of your lessons because they are aimed to work with their developmental characteristics, not as a substitute. In addition, to knowing developmental characteristics, a teacher should also institute effective classroom management techniques and proper lesson plans that will maximize the learning experience for each student. Works Cited Gore, Lillian L. , and Rose Koury. Educating Children in Nursery School and Kindergartens. Washington: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, 1964. Print. Wills, Clarence Dechent, and Lucile Lindburg. Kindergarten for Today’s Children. Chicago: Follett Educational Corporation, 1967. Print. Fromberg, Doris. The Full-Day Kindergarten. 1995. eBook. Camp, Jody. http://www. atozteacherstuff. com/Tips/Classroom_Management/Managing_Behavior/index. shtml Robinson, Susan. http://www. scasd. us/ms/RobinsonPage/grade5. htm White, George. Incoming 6th Graders. http://www. ringwoodschools. org/files/ryerson/parent_orientation_booklet. pdf.

Interactional theory in Gandhi Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Interactional theory in Gandhi - Research Paper Example To understand his life, Attenborough (1982) produced and directed Gandhi. This paper analyzes the film using Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson’s (1967) Interactional Theory on communication. It aims to show that this theory helps explain Gandhi’s effectiveness as a persuasive communication expert and social transformation leader. Gandhi demonstrates an interactional view of communication because Gandhi used non-violent, non-cooperative, and peaceful communication strategies, which have been successful in attaining individual and social changes because he continuously reframed punctuations regarding the causes and resolutions to conflict. Gandhi depicts the rise of Gandhi, from being a lawyer of racial injustice in South Africa to a transformational leader in India. Attenborough (1982) showed how Gandhi started his non-violent approach to conflict management, when he realized the intensity and extent of racial discrimination against Indians in South Africa. With his friend and supporter, the rich Indian businessman Kinnoch, they and their thousands of supporters defied the Pass Law and other oppressive policies, until they changed legislation into one that improved racial equality. Gandhi returned to India, which was in a historical transition from colonial ownership to independence. Gandhi aroused the formation of nationalist organizations and used the media to gain publicity and to spread his non-violent, non-cooperative, and peaceful approach to the demand for independence from Great Britain. Interactional Theory views relationships as â€Å"patterns of interaction† (Watzlawick et al., 1967, p. 2), where every member participates in the cybernetic environment, while interacting with other systems to control their environment too. Gandhi is an effective communicator because he does not undermine the value of the press in enhancing public awareness and changing individual and social beliefs. The first rally in South Africa indicates how Gandh i saw the media as a partner in documenting non-violent actions, so that more people would join him and for the British Empire to realize the power of their numbers. Gandhi wants journalists to cover their peaceful protests because it can unite the nation. He told the reporter Walker that he â€Å"cannot unite a community† without a paper (Attenborough, 1982). He then used the media, including his own paper, to promote his views on non-violent and non-cooperative action toward resolving various conflicts. Gandhi knows the importance of connected systems to achieve widespread social changes. Interactional Theory has five axioms and the first aims to show how complex systems operate by stating that people â€Å"cannot not communicate,† so everything that is said and done is a message. Watzlawick et al. (1967) stressed: â€Å"Activity or inactivity, words or silence all have message value: they influence others and these others, in turn, cannot not respond to these commu nications and are thus themselves communicating† (p. 1). The pragmatic approach to language emphasizes the effects of actions on communication behaviors (Wayne, 1990, p.603). Gandhi shows the importance of every aspect of communication to express his strategies and to persuade people to follow his methods. His main emphasis is that violent, non-cooperative, and peaceful communication strategies can be used to attain social

Putting Elderly Parents in Nursing Homes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Putting Elderly Parents in Nursing Homes - Essay Example Repaying your parents like this who have strived so hard and compromised so much for giving you the best is a real shame! Would you ever appreciate if your children send you to a nursing home? Would you ever want to be isolated from all you have strived for? It’s a true fact that as people get older, at times taking care of them turns to be challenging, the reason being a continuous increase in their demands. But, don’t forget that raising a child is as challenging too. With age, a child’s demands keep increasing as well, at times pressurizing the parents (Durant 2007). But parents make sure to provide their children with the best despite all the hardships that come their way. Many of you might say that you work. Valid! But there are numerous options other than dumping your parents in a nursing home. If your parents need supervision, hire a nurse or an adult sitter who can take care of them while you are at work. Seriously, the nursing home environment does negat ively shape the personalities of the elderly. Patients in a nursing home have almost no independence as they usually share rooms. Nursing home abuse and neglect have also increased to extraordinary levels as the dependant, elderly patients are tortured daily in the hands of an overworked, underpaid workforce (Folbre 2004). So, instead of sending your parents to a nursing home; honor and help them at such a critical age of their lives. As Florence Nightingale once stated that in her view the ultimate destination of all nursing is the nursing of the sick in their own homes (Praver 2004). Just because a person may be elderly doesn’t mean that they have no feelings because they absolutely do! You should make your parents feel important instead of making them realize that they have become a burden on your lives.

Production and Marketing Department Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Production and Marketing Department - Assignment Example Through quality, the firm would be able to make more sales hence improving their scale of revenue. On the other hand, production department can lower operations cost by being efficient, creativity, good production and good management of resources in the organization. The two organs are in some way find it challenging to come to conscientious as to how they should operate. Production department usually try to find the best quality in order to meet their clients need as much as possible. How the customer expects the product or service to be like or perform is what drives them. Contrary, marketing department operates differently. Maximizing sales in the market in order to increase revenue to the firm is their major concern. Quality is never in their mind, and as long as they are making sales, they feel that they are doing the right thing. Specifications of the products also cause conflict among the two organs. Production section gives their specifications based on what they have produced and designed. With the marketing side aims at maximizing sales of the company, they always try to make specification appealing to the customers which may not always be the case. This becomes a challenge to the management since they need to close the gap to avoid it affecting reputation of the company. Perceived and actual quality should not have a huge gap between them. Marketing segment gives promises to the customers explaining how good and effective the product is. If it performs below the target, it always lays its finger in production unit for making them overstate the product’s performance, creating further conflict. In conclusion, organizations achievements are based on how they operate. It is important to have production and marketing department working together to avoid challenges explained above. If each unit does only its core role, conflicts are bound to arise.

Fund an exploration program for a Search for Life Term Paper

Fund an exploration program for a Search for Life - Term Paper Example ehab Inc., NASDAQ: ASTC) is an example of a small, publicly traded company involved in the business of space exploration, mission supplies, research and development of space exploration technologies. One of the greatest successes of supra-national cooperation in space exploration is the International Space Station (ISS), built and developed in coordination with advanced scientific teams from over 15 different nations. (NASA, 1998) In order to develop and plan for the search for life in our solar system, as well as to fund this search through private investment that is sustainable and profitable for shareholders over time, a private company should be formed that seeks to replicate the facilities, research, and success of the International Space Station in orbital locations across the solar system. The company should also engage in the production of â€Å"interplanetary gliders† powered by solar sails and ion drives that are able to travel through the low gravity environments be tween the planets. By establishing orbital communities around the other planets in our solar system, as well as the moons of these planets, the company can used already known and developed technologies to innovate and make the current plans more efficient, that human colonies can be established around the solar system to be dedicated to the search for life on other planets and moons. Due to the benefits of specialization and cooperation, the â€Å"heavy lifting† of escaping the Earth’s gravity system and transporting goods, people, and equipment into space via rocket or shuttle systems should be sub-contracted initially to other companies such as SpaceX, while the company under proposal, to be named initially the SpaceHub Investment Group (SIG), should specialize in building fully complete and replicable ISS-style space habitation units. In order to attain an advantage in research, intellectual property, press exposure, and experienced personnel for this venture, SIG should first attempt a

Operation- Capacity Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operation- Capacity Plan - Term Paper Example Below is the demand forecast for the annual users, average monthly visitors and average daily users (Kerzner, 2009). The manager will also provide front desk and house keeping services during the day in case of peak demand. 168 hours per week. An average of 266 customers to be served per week. The above figures will an average of 2 customers per hour. The revenue per customer per hour is $ 11.51. Total revenue per hour will be $ 23.02. In sales forecasting, we utilized the product concept test. The first step was to collect information through questionnaires to travelers in the airports. We also surveyed business air travelers in order to gain knowledge on the expected sales volumes of the business. A total of 150 responses were collected. Step four: the fourth step involved determining the sales potential, which is the number of people likely to utilize the pods at the airport. Since no competitors in the market, we assumed that the market potential will remain 14,000 customers per annum. Below is a calculation of the expected amount of dollar spent by each customer per year. We assume that each customer will spend an average of three hours in the pod and will use the service five times in a

Conflicting Views of the California High School Exit Exam Essay

Conflicting Views of the California High School Exit Exam - Essay Example First, what is the minimum education children should have to graduate Are there a set of standards which have to be met, and a certain level of proficiency achieved Secondly, what does a high school diploma symbolize If it is meant to suggest that a person has attended high school, than by all means drop the exam. However, if it is meant to suggest that this student has an education, and has learned and met minimum levels of ability, then the exam should stand. Otherwise the degree is devalued for all those who truly earned it. Finally, can California make a clear case for discrimination, and prove that the exam is not fair to underserved children If so, then the results can not be validated. If they can prove that all children (while possibly not evenly served) have had enough opportunity to pass the exam, then the results should be upheld. By reviewing a brief history of the exam, and looking at both sides of the argument, it is clear that the exam should remain valid, and those 47 ,000 students should not be awarded their diplomas. The California High School Exit Exam is a new and fairly untested program. Originally slated to count towards graduation for the class of 2004, the schools held off until 2006, after state wide improvements were made to the schools. The exam tests for proficiency in eighth grade level math, and tenth grade level English. A student must get a fifty-five percent or higher to pass, and has six chances to pass the test. All over California people are arguing about the California High School Exit Exam. They claim that it is unfair, and that it expects too much of the students. Randy Dong, a California journalist suggests that it is not in the interest of education that these children are being tested, but rather in the interest of social promotion. He says "we are throwing algebraic and geometric problems at students who cannot even perform basic arithmetic" (Dong 2006). However, the exam only tests through eighth grade math and tenth grade reading (Washburn 2006). These children have twelve or more years of education, yet they can not pass proficiencies below their own level of academia. While Dong is in the minority, arguing about content, his view is important. In reviewing what is at stake, it is important to ask how low United States citizens are willing to set the bar in education. What should be a minimum level or proficiency to have a diploma Where Dong argues that algebra is too high a stan dard for students graduating from high school, others argue that the standards set by the test are two low. In an editorial from the Press-Enterprise, it questions "Freedman decreed that requiring students in low-performing schools to answer correctly just 55 percent of the questions in eighth-grade math and 60 percent of the questions in 10th-grade English - even after six tries - is an arbitrary violation of the state constitution." For students whose education has respectively passed four and two years beyond those levels, those minimums seem low, not high. With six tries, and tutoring available, no child should be able to fail that test, and if they do, then why should they be allowed a diploma Judge Freedman ruled that denying students the diploma would negatively impact their self-esteem, but what about the devaluation of the

Nursing as a Profession Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Nursing as a Profession - Research Paper Example Information literacy describes the ability to find and gather critical and accurate information as required in any practice to provide quality services. This relates to skills needed to maneuver efficiently through the burst of data available and decisively acquire relevant information (Bonnel and Smith, 2010). In nursing, information is regarded as a key attribute that facilitates efficiency with regard to the scope of the duties. Nursing officers assist other medical practitioners in patient care interventions as directed and according to the plan of care. They also contribute to the collection of accurate healthcare information as well as maintaining accurate health care records. The general duties include attending to patient’s personal hygiene needs such as showering and toileting and assisting with patient mobilization and repositioning. In addition, nurses observe the patient's physical and psychological status, as well as responses during the course of treatment, which entails monitoring patients’ vital signs and recording them accordingly. The duty of care seeks to stress the need for selflessness among healthcare personnel, especially those involved in providing direct basic care to patients. Consequently, nurses are placed at a patient’s personal service through the expression of kindness, moral worth, and dignity of the self and others. This is irrespective of one’s cultural similarities and differences, thus placing more value on the accessibility of health care services to all.... Consequently, nurses are placed at a patient’s personal service through expression of kindness, moral worth and dignity of the self and others. This is irrespective of one’s cultural similarities and differences, thus placing more value on accessibility of health care services to all. Presently, information technology has found a home in most institutions in the society and the healthcare sector has had positive results with technological integration. Health care organizations are rapidly adopting and implementing health information technology such as the electronic health record systems. Electronic health recording aids in enhancing efficiency within the health provider’s organization. This translates to improved patient handling and effective treatment to ensuring appropriate patient management. This creates a smooth carryover of the patient by a new health care provider following referral for further management since the patient’s medical history is rea dily available. In addition, it reduces medical errors where the electronic prescribing applications would alert health care providers in case of any anticipated drug reaction. Cases of illegible handwriting have also been eliminated as progress notes are directly indicated in the electronic system. In addition to the efficiency, electronic records cut back on the risk of mix-ups in patient files where a patient is treated for the wrong condition. This is often the results of archival problems where leafs from patient files are pooled together before sorting. The use of electronic medical records saves hospitals and patients from this by securing the records appropriately that only the records of the required patient can be accessed, thus mix up are evaded (McGonigle and

The influence of credit risk in financial institutions Research Proposal

The influence of credit risk in financial institutions - Research Proposal Example Financial institutions primarily play a role of assisting the flow of funds from various ‘individual surplus units’ to ‘deficit units’. Financial institutions comprise of commercial banks, finance companies, savings institutions, credit unions, money market funds, mutual funds, pension funds and insurance companies (Madura, 2008). Adequate management of the credit risk in the financial institutions is a critical aspect for the growth and survival of the institutions. If a financial institution fails to control risks like that of credit risk then it can lead to insolvency (Wenner & Et. Al., 2007). The recent financial crisis had a major impact on the worldwide financial system. Managing risk and capital requirements in the various financial institutions have turned out to be an utmost necessity. Financial institutions generally have a quite complex structure related to liability. Credit risk of a financial institution is considered as a function of market val uations of the institution’s asset portfolio and its leverage (Chen & Et. Al., 2009). Thereby, the study aims to critically discuss the influence that the credit risk generally has on financial institutions. Aim of the Study & Specification of Objectives The aim of the study is to recognise the significant and influential capabilities of credit risk in financial institutions. The relevance of the study can be judged from the fact that in terms of financial risks that a financial institution face, the credit risk or default risk is considered to be one of the most significant and critical risk factors that every financial institution endeavours to mitigate to protect the financial institution and its consumers from insolvency. Objective of the study is to analyse and identify influence of different credit risks on financial institutions such as default risk; credit spread risk, sovereign risk, downgrade risk and counterparty risk. Therefore, a few questions that can be conside red are: What is the credit risk? What is the influence of credit risks on financial institutions such as commercial banks, insurance companies, savings institutions and others? What are the ways by which credit risks are being mitigated by financial institutions? In order to find answers to these questions scholarly articles, books, journals and others will be observed and used to identify the relevant aspects related to the study. Literature Review According to Investopedia (2011), credit risk can be identified as a risk if an individual or a company will be incapable to pay the principal or contractual interest on its debt obligations. This type of risk is mainly concerned with the investors who generally hold bonds within their portfolio. Government bonds, primarily issued by the federal government, are considered to have the slightest amount of default risks as well as lowest amount of returns. Corporate bonds have a tendency to have the highest level of default risks but it al so provides higher level of interest rates. Bonds that hold higher chances of being default are measured to be junk bonds, whereas, bonds that have lower chance of default are generally

The Argument of Elite Theorists Essay Example for Free

The Argument of Elite Theorists Essay In order to assess how useful this view is, we must first look at the differing factions operating within the framework of elite theory. On doing this it will become apparent within the scope of Government, that this view is outdated and riddled with flaws. Elite theory originally developed from the work of Gaetano Mosca and Vilfredo Pareto, two italian sociologists writing at the turn of the last century. Pareto argued that, in the course of history, different leadership qualities are required in order to adapt society to changed circumstances. Essentially, two types of person can be distinguished, lions and foxes, the former, according to Pareto are stolid and forceful, willing to use violence. The latter are basically sly, wheeler-dealer types. One or other type will rule as long as it can cope with the political and economic problems facing it; but in certain circumstances their particular qualities will be insufficient for the task in hand, and they will be deposed by the other group. Pareto describes this process as the circulation of elites, which rise and fall through a combination of psychological aptitudes and historical circumstances, irrespective of the economic or social structure of society. There are many flaws in Paretos work, but the main ones must centre on his inability to explain the origins of the elites rise to power, and his classification of people into two -and only two-psychological types (S.MOORE,1995). The belief that a superior group forms a ruling elite underlies Moscas(1939) writings too, and it is this superiority that he sees leading the elite to power in the first place. Once there, the elite continues to rule, not solely because it is superior but also through its relatively small membership, which makes it far better organised than the mass of the population. Pareto fails to provide a method of measuring and distinguishing betwwen the supposedly superior qualities of elites. He simply assumes that the qualities of the elite are superior to those of the mass. His criterion for distinguishing between lions and foxes is merely his own interpretation of the style of elite rule (HARALAMBOS HOLBORN,1990). Whereas Pareto and Mosca attempted to provide a general theory to explain the  nature and distribution of power in all societies, the American sociologist C.Wright Mills presents a less ambitious and wide-ranging version of elite theory. He limits his analysis to American society in the 1950s. Unlike the early elite theorists, Mills does not believe that elite rule is inevitable: in fact he sees it as a fairly recent development in the U.S.A. Unlike Pareto, who rather cynically accepts the domination of the masses by elites, Mills soundly condemns it. Since he sees elite rule as based upon the exploitation of the masses, he adopts a conflict version of elite theory (HARALAMBOS HOLBORN,1990). Robert A.Dahl has criticised Mills from a pluralist perspective. He has claimed that Mills has simply shown that the power elite has potential for control. Dahl argues, the potential for control is not equivalent to actual control. Dahl maintains that actual control can only be shown to exist by examination of a series of concrete cases where key decisions are made: decisions on taxation and expenditures, subsidies, welfare progrmas, military policy and so on. Dahl claims that by omitting to investigate a range of key decisions, Mills and also like-minded British sociologists have failed to establish where actual control lies. As a result Dahl argues that the case for a power elite remains unproven (HARALAMBOS HOLBORN, 1990). Since the British variant of power elite theory(the idea of a socially and culturally cohesive establishment) was first asserted in the 1950s, it has decreased rather than gained in plausibility. This is first, because British politics has become more polarised, more open and more democratic. It became more polarised in the 1970s, as large differences between major parties displaced consensus. In these circumstances, it became virtually impossible to maintain that elections did not alter things much, and even more difficult after the general election of 1979. Clearly, the advent of Mrs Thatcher changed things a great deal. Second, British government became more open and less secretive. This happened more by inadvertence than design and it was usually resisted by governments of the day. Nonetheless by the 1980s, the public were far more aware of what went on in the inner counsels of the  Cabinet and in the Whitehall village than was the case a generation previously. The publication of politicians diaries and memoirs(Richard Crossman, Barbara Castle), leaks by civil servants(Clive Ponting) and the revelations of goings-on within the secret services by people like Peter Wright provided fascinating if somewhat selective glimpses of power in the inner sanctums of government and made its mysteries less mysterious. Finally, as we have seen, certain important sectors of British society became more democratic. In political parties, members played an increasing role in the election of leaders and the selection of party candidates; in trade unions, balloting on the choice of leaders and on strike decisions became the norm. The increasing hold of television on society tended to promote both greater openess and greater democracy -not least by providing continual public demonstrations that, far from being cohesive and untied, the so-called establishment spoke with many, often sharply divergent, voices (COXALL ROBINS,1989). The overall count against the notion of an establishment in Britain is clear; it is neither united, nor -in an age of revelations and media coverage- mysterious, nor-and most important of all -free from popular control. It is a myth.

Childhood Obesity Essay Introduction Essay Example for Free

Childhood Obesity Essay Introduction Essay Introduction Obesity is a serious and major health complication contributing to 112,000 deaths annually most of which are preventable. Obesity is to a condition where excess fat has collected in the body has to the level of adversely affecting one’s health. There is no general agreement on the lowest explanations of obesity in adolescents and children. Therefore, most professionals accept the guidelines published on body mass index (BMI) to measure cases of overweight in children and adolescents. The increase of obesity among children in 2008 increased from 5 percent to 17 percent in the same year. This paper will focus to explore the causes of obesity in children and give methods on how it can be prevented. One is considered as obese or overweight when his or her body mass index BMI exceeds 30 kg/m2) (Flegal, 2000). Body mass index is obtained by measuring an individual’s weight in kilograms relative to his or her height in meters. Presently obesity is the widest spread medical problem affecting children and teenagers in developed countries like the United States. Other measure of obesity include: a) Weight-to-height tables- These tables define being overweight and give ranges for a healthy weight based on the height of a teenager or child. b) Body fat percentage- Fat a percentage of body weight, is a strong indicator of obesity. Boys are regarded obese when their body fat is above 25 percent and girls over 32 percent. Obesity has profound effects on the life of a patient by increasing the possibility of contracting variety of diseases. The following are health consequences of obesity according to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cancers (breast, endometrial and colon) Coronary heart disease Hypertension Stroke Type 2 diabetes Dyslipidemia Osteoarthritis Gallbladder and liver and disease Gynecological problems (infertility, abnormal menses) In addition to the health consequences above, obesity can also create social, as well as, emotional problems to an individual or patient due to the stigma associated with one being overweight. Causes of obesity Physical exercise and dieting are among the best ways for treating obesity. One can improve his or her diet quality by reducing the intake foods rich in energy, e.g. those high in sugars and fat and increasing the consumption of dietary fiber. Drugs such as anti- obesity medication drugs may be taken to lower appetite or inhibit the absorption of fat. A gastric balloon may enable one lose weight if exercise, medication and diet are not effective. Surgery may also be performed to lower stomach volume and or bowel length. This leads to earlier satiation and reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food. Below are some of the major causes of obesity (Ferry, 2011). Physical inactivity- The increased use of computers, video games and televisions have largely contributed to an inactive lifestyle for many teenagers and children in developed countries like the U.S. On average, teenagers and children in the United States of America spend three hours daily watching television. This form of recreation not only uses little energy but also encourages eating of snacks. Only one-third of children in the United States have daily physical exercise education in school. Dietary habits- The eating habits of teenagers and children have shifted away from healthy foods such as vegetables and whole grains to enormous reliance on fast foods, sugary drinks and eating processed snacks. These foods tend to contain high levels of fat or calories but low in essential nutrients. Unhealthy eating habits include eating when not hungry, watching television while eating or eating while doing homework e.t.c. Genetic factors- Some families tend to have obesity. Parents who are obese tend to have obese children. It is very  crucial to note that obesity does not occur through genetics alone, but when one eats more calories than he or she uses. Socioeconomic status-Non working parents or families with low incomes are more likely to consume excess calories for a given level of activity. Specific medical conditions can cause obesity but are rare. This includes inherited disorders of metabolism, hormone or chemical imbalances. Certain medications can alter how the body stores fat or processes food, thus resulting to weight gain. There is limited evidence to support the fact that some people who are overweight eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism. Obese people require more energy expenditure than people who are thin due to the energy required to maintain their massive body mass. Conclusion Obesity is considered a major cause of deaths worldwide with increasing prevalence in children, teenagers and adults. The American Heart Association has guidelines for healthy children and families. It recommends that one should eat adequate calories and eat a wide variety of foods to obtain adequate nutrition. It also recommends that the total cholesterol taken per day should be less than 300mg. These guidelines are only applicable to children above two years of age. It is necessary for everyone in the family to apply these guidelines and not just those who are obese. Schools should introduce anti bullying campaign to assist overweight children. The biggest responsibility falls on parents to ensure their children observe healthy eating tips. References American Heart Association. Dietary Recommendations for Healthy Children. Apr. 19, 2012. . Ferry Jr., R.J., ed. Nutrition and Health: Management of Pediatric Obesity and Diabetes. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2011: 416. United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Childhood Overweight and Obesity. Apr. 27, 2012. .

Types Of Data Compression Computer Science Essay

Types Of Data Compression Computer Science Essay Data compression has come of age in the last 20 years. Both the quantity and the quality of the body of literature in this field provide ample proof of this. There are many known methods for data compression. They are based on different ideas, are suitable for different types of data, and produce different results, but they are all based on the same principle, namely they compress data by removing redundancies from the original data in the source file. This report discusses the different types of data compression, the advantages of data compression and the procedures of data compression. 2.0 DATA COMPRESSION Data compression is important in this age because of the amount of data that is transferred within a certain network. It makes the transfer of data relatively easy [1]. This section explains and compares lossy and lossless compression techniques. 2.1 LOSSLESS DATA COMPRESSION Lossless data compression makes use of data compression algorithms that allows the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. This can be contrasted to lossy data compression, which does not allow the exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. Lossless data compression is used in many applications [2]. Lossless compression is used when it is vital that the original and the decompressed data be identical, or when no assumption can be made on whether certain deviation is uncritical. Most lossless compression programs implements two kinds of algorithms: one which generates a statistical model for the input data, and another which maps the input data to bit strings using this model in such a way that probable (e.g. frequently encountered) data will produce shorter output than improbable data. Often, only the former algorithm is named, while the second is implied (through common use, standardization etc.) or unspecified [3]. 2.2 LOSSY DATA COMPRESSION A lossy data compression technique is one where compressing data and its decompression retrieves data that may will be different from the original, but is close enough to be useful in some way. There are two basic lossy compression schemes: First is lossy transform codecs, where samples of picture or sound are taken, chopped into small segments, transformed into a new basis space, and quantized. The resulting quantized values are then entropy coded [4]. Second is lossy predictive codecs, where previous and/or subsequent decoded data is used to predict the current sound sample or image frame. In some systems the two methods are used, with transform codecs being used to compress the error signals generated by the predictive stage. The advantage of lossy methods over lossless methods is that in some cases a lossy method can produce a much smaller compressed file than any known lossless method, while still meeting the requirements of the application [4]. Lossless compression schemes are reversible in-order for the original data can be reconstructed, while lossy schemes accept some loss of data in order to achieve higher compression. In practice, lossy data compression will also come to a point where compressing again does not work, although an extremely lossy algorithm, which for example always removes the last byte of a file, will always compress a file up to the point where it is empty [5]. 2.3 LOSSLESS vs. LOSSY DATA COMPRESSION Lossless and lossy data compressions are two methods which are use to compressed data. Each technique has its individual used. A compression between the two techniques can be summarised as follow [4-5]: Lossless technique keeps the source as it is during compression while a change of the original source is expected in lossy technique but very close to the origin. Lossless technique is reversible process which means that the original data can be reconstructed. However, the lossy technique is irreversible due to the lost of some data during extraction. Lossless technique produces larger compressed file compared with lossy technique. Lossy technique is mostly used for images and sound. 3.0 DATA COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES Data compression is known as storing data in a way which requires fewer spaces than the typical. Generally, it is saving of space by the reduction in data size [6]. This section explains Huffman coding and Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) compression techniques. 3.1 HUFFMAN CODING Huffman coding is an entropy encoding method used for lossless data compression. The term means the use of a variable-length code table for encoding a source symbol (such as a character in a file) where the variable-length code table has been derived in a particular way based on the estimated probability of occurrence for each possible value of the source symbol. It was developed by David A. Huffman while he was a Ph.D. student at MIT, and published in the 1952 paper A Method for the Construction of Minimum-Redundancy Codes [4]. Huffman coding implements a special method for choosing the representation for each symbol, resulting in a prefix code (sometimes called prefix-free codes, that is, the bit string representing some particular symbol is never a prefix of the bit string representing any other symbol) that expresses the most common source symbols using shorter strings of bits than are used for less common source symbols [5]. The technique works by creating a binary tree of nodes. These can be stored in a regular array, the size of which depends on the number of symbols, n. A node can be either a leaf node or an internal node. Initially, all nodes are leaf nodes, which contain the symbol itself, the weight (frequency of appearance) of the symbol and optionally, a link to a parent node which makes it easy to read the code (in reverse) starting from a leaf node. Internal nodes contain symbol weight, links to two child nodes and the optional link to a parent node. The process practically starts with the leaf nodes containing the probabilities of the symbol they represent, and then a new node whose children are the 2 nodes with smallest probability is created, such that the new nodes probability is equal to the sum of the childrens probability. With the 2 nodes combined into one node (thus not considering them anymore), and with the new node being now considered, the procedure is repeated until only one node remains, the Huffman tree [4]. The simplest construction algorithm is one where a priority queues where the node with lowest probability is given highest priority [5]: 1. Create a leaf node for each symbol and add it to the priority queue. 2. While there is more than one node in the queue: Remove the two nodes of highest priority (lowest probability) from the queue. Create a new internal node with these two nodes as children and with probability equal to the sum of the two nodes probabilities. Add the new node to the queue. 3. The remaining node is the root node and the tree is complete [7]. Figure (1). 3.2 LEMPEL-ZIV-WELCH (LVW) COMPRESSION Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) is a data compression algorithm created by Abraham Lempel, Jacob Ziv, and Terry Welch. It was published by Welch in 1984 as a development of the LZ78 algorithm published by Lempel and Ziv in 1978. The algorithm is designed to be fast to implement but is not usually optimal because it performs only limited analysis of the data. LZW can also be called a  substitutional  or  dictionary-based encoding algorithm. The algorithm normally builds a  data dictionary  (also called a  translation table  or  string table) of data occurring in an uncompressed data stream. Patterns of data (substrings) are identified in the data stream and are matched to entries in the dictionary. If the substring is not present in the dictionary, a code phrase is created based on the data content of the substring, and it is stored in the dictionary. The phrase is then written to the compressed output stream [8]. When a reoccurrence of a substring is found in the data, the phrase of the substring already stored in the dictionary is written to the output. Because the phrase value has a physical size that is smaller than the substring it represents, data compression is achieved. Decoding LZW data is the reverse of encoding. The decompressor reads the code from the stream and adds the code to the data dictionary if it is not already there. The code is then translated into the string it represents and is written to the uncompressed output stream [8]. LZW goes beyond most dictionary-based compressors because it is not necessary to keep the dictionary to decode the LZW data stream. This can save quite a bit of space when storing the LZW-encoded data [9]. TIFF, among other file formats, applies the same method for graphic files. In TIFF, the pixel data is packed into bytes before being presented to LZW, so an LZW source byte might be a pixel value, part of a pixel value, or several pixel values, depending on the images bit depth and number of colour channels. GIF requires each LZW input symbol to be a pixel value. Because GIF allows 1- to 8-bit deep images, there are between 2 and 256 LZW input symbols in GIF, and the LZW dictionary is initialized accordingly. It is not important how the pixels might have been packed into storage; LZW will deal with them as a sequence of symbols [9]. The TIFF approach does not work very well for odd-size pixels, because packing the pixels into bytes creates byte sequences that do not match the original pixel sequences, and any patterns in the pixels are obscured. If pixel boundaries and byte boundaries agree (e.g., two 4-bit pixels per byte, or one 16-bit pixel every two bytes), then TIFFs method works well [10]. The GIF approach works better for odd-size bit depths, but it is difficult to extend it to more than eight bits per pixel because the LZW dictionary must become very large to achieve useful compression on large input alphabets. If variable-width codes were implemented, the encoder and decoder must be careful to change the width at the same points in the encoded data, or they will disagree about where the boundaries between individual codes fall in the stream [11]. 4.0 CONCLUSION In conclusion, because of the fact that one cant hope to compress everything, all compression algorithms must assume that there is some bias on the input messages so that some inputs are more likely than others, i.e. that there will always be some unbalanced probability distribution over the possible messages. Most compression algorithms base this bias on the structure of the messages i.e., an assumption that repeated characters are more likely than random characters, or that large white patches occur in typical images. Compression is therefore all about probability.

Rhythmic Foundations, and the Necessary Aesthetic in Peirce’s Categories :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Rhythmic Foundations, and the Necessary Aesthetic in Peirce’s Categories ABSTRACT: There has been a tendency in scholarship to steer quite clear of discussions of Peirce and Aesthetics, and I believe that the main reason that Peirce’s works lacks, perhaps even intentionally, a clear aesthetic theory is because his entire architectonic of experience is aesthetically founded. This thesis is based, in part, on the necessary aesthetic descriptions one is forced to use when describing something such as the categories. For example, Secondness necessarily elicits aesthetic descriptions of relations and tensions, Thirdness is described most accurately with words such as harmony and arrangement, and the process by which we come to attain a belief is an "aesthetic" endeavor aimed at satisfaction. Focusing particularly on the categories, and secondarily on the method for attaining belief, I hope to show that Peirce’s foundation is, itself, an aesthetic awareness of life. There has been a tendency to steer quite clear of discussions of Peirce and Aesthetics. Over and over, statements by Peircean scholars attest to the lack of philosophical guidance regarding the status and judgment of art that is available in his writings.(1) Peirce himself states that, "My notion would be that there are innumerable varieties of esthetic quality, but no purely esthetic grade of excellence."(2) Doug Anderson also states that a Peircean aesthetic is hard to piece together because it was a "very late addition to Peirce’s classification of the sciences." That is, even though aesthetics is presupposed by ethics, logic, and metaphysics, in Peirce’s prioritization of the sciences, his intention was that aesthetics was to be understood through the work he had already done in the other branches of his system.(3) This vagueness hasn’t, however, prevented scholars from speculating on the aesthetic in Peirce’s works. Yet even so, we are still faced with many problems. First is the "paleontological reconstruction", as Herman Parret states, of the various minuscule references by Peirce regarding the aesthetic. Second, it is claimed that if any approach to a Peircean aesthetic is going to be worthwhile, it will probably be too large to handle because it must incorporate his views on logic, metaphysics and theology.(4) Third, as pointed out by Beverly Kent, Peirce seems to conflate two senses of the aesthetic, where it is both a quality that is immediately present and an ultimate ideal.(5) I will argue that the main reason that Peirce’s works lacks, perhaps even intentionally, a clear aesthetic theory is because his depiction of experience is aesthetically founded.

A Soldiers Life in the Civil War Essay -- Papers

Life during the Civil War was not a pleasant time. There was basically utter chaos going on the South. Soldiers had to deal with the harsh conditions and the thought of death. Plantation owners had to worry about who was going to work their fields. Business owners had to worry about who was going to buy their products. Citizens had to worry about soldiers destroying their property. And the government had to worry about how to pay the soldiers and how to end the war. This was a very rough time to be alive. Soldier Life During The Civil War The camp life for a soldier was hardly one to be desired. â€Å"The weather was hot and the water was bad, yet the men kept in good spirits, and there was no grumbling at the hard drill and harder work(Ratchford, 11).† The weather varied a lot during the Civil War. At times it would snow up to depths of eight inches and sometimes it would rain and hail for hours on end(Russell, 130). Other times it would be very hot. Sometimes when it would rain, soldiers would wake up half submerged(Brown,122). Death was also a major fear during the Civil War. â€Å"We cook and eat, talk and laugh with the enemies dead lying all about us as though they were so many logs(Brown, 115).† The soldier would march threw battlefields where dead men, horses, and smashed artillery were scattered about in utter confusion; the Blue and the Gray mixed-their bodies so bloated, distorted, and discolored from decomposition, that they were basically unrecognizable(Mohr, 326). There was also the duties of the officers. â€Å"Often when a detachment was on scout, there were no men left in camp to release the pickets, and they had to remain on post for seventy-two hours at a stretch(Histor... ...g, and killing(Ratchford, 11). To me it sounds as though the life of a soldier during the Civil War is not one that I would want to live. I would rather sit at my computer and type a paper about it than actually leave through it. The soldiers and the civilians alike, had it very rough. The conditions were harsh and the fear of death would be the only thing on my mind. Or fear of having my house burnt down or taken from me is something I would not want to experience. In conclusion, I would be very proud to shake any soldiers hand that fought in the Civil War. Outline I. Introduction II. Life of a Soldier During the Civil War A. Camp Life B. Death C. Duties D. Shooting E. Food F. Medical G. Pay III. Government and Citizens During The Civil War A. Government Reaction B. Citizens Reaction C. Citizens Vandalism IV. Conclusion

Mark Twains The Damned Human Race Essay -- Mark Twain Humanity Damned

Mark Twain's The Damned Human Race Within his essay of The Damned Human Race, author Mark Twain powerfully declares that the human race is both flawed and corrupt, and that people actually should be classified as 'lower animals' rather than the formerly known 'higher animals.' Twain does not hold claim to a Darwinian or creation standpoint, but rather draws conclusions from his own observations in performed experiments. He states that 'man is the cruel animal,' and that we can attribute this to his moral character. However, there appears to be another side which contradicts his findings. Perhaps man is indeed the 'highest animal,' but possesses something which other animals do not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Twain claims that his observations are based on experiments executed in the London Zoological Gardens. With these examinings, he went on to state that humans displayed a variety of shortcoming not seen in other animals. His first point was that humans were cruel, while other animals were not. This was backed by the story of the hunter killing seventy-two buffalo, and eating only part of one. He contradicted this by experimenting with anacondas and calves. The anaconda only killed what it needed, as opposed to the Earl. This seemed to suggest to Twain that the man descended from the anaconda, and not the other way around. Perhaps the Earl did not respect the buffalo, which is true. But does it mean that all humans always kill to be cruel and wasteful? Or could some animals exhibit sig...

Shakespeare Festival

I have decided to assess Amanda Hussein's interpretation of Shakespearean well- known King Lear. Amanda transported the tragedy of this play from the eighth century before Christ, to the sass in a world where the show and performing is everything. This King Lear was introduced in a Chicago style with two actresses walking down the theatre stairs and presenting England's king. This roaring entrance shifted the audience back In time to the correct time setting, making It clear from then and onwards where this play was set.In an unknown location In the sass, King Lear (magnetically portrayed by Alluding) is deciding on which of his three daughters should have his land: Cornelia, Goner† and Reagan. The last two, are the real antagonists of the play, and when their father asks them how much they love him, they falsely herald their love for him. Cornelia, who in truth is the only daughter who truly loves him, hardly speaks explaining that there are no words to explain how she feels a bout his father. King Lear though breaks Into a rage and sends her away, thinking he now understands who deserves his lands.We then see a subplot, which assn very clear as I had difficulties connecting the dots of the two plots. Two men, whose identities I still haven't figured out, try to conspire against Gloucester and try to take his place. The play keeps jumping from one side of the plot to the other, where we see the two evil sisters Goner† and Reagan making their plans. As time passes, Cornelia keeps being loyal to both King Lear and her mean sisters, forgiving them all. The actual plot wasn't easy to grasp by the audience, as the audience most of the time was positively struck by the clear but extremely effective staging and the convincing acting.The stage was set out in a way that as soon as you entered the theatre, you immediately wondered what was going to happen, and knew that you were about to see something very unusual. The curtains were only partially open, leavi ng a space of about 5 meters which made all members of the audience focus on what was going on. This was obviously thought of and had a successful Impact on the spectators who directed their eyes where everything was happening. On the floor, three colored drapes were carefully lying parallel to the stage: magenta, blue and green.These, other than the lights, were the only colored items on stage as the actors were all wearing black suits with white shirts, with the exception of King Lear, who wore a black fedora hat. The costumes perfectly mirrored the time period, and the fedora hat, typical of the sass, was one of the many gems of this play which made It as a whole, amazing. Eight black stools were set In three rows on the drapes and near these stools is where all the acting was going to happen. The middle stool was of course reserved to King Lear.In the front row, on the sides, there were the two sisters General and Reagan, whilst in the last row, right behind Lear, there was the innocent Cornelia. On the left and right of the set, two girls and two boys stood, making the pattern pleasing to the audience. Manta's set out of the stools was very effective, because since we are In theatre, the presence of all actors on stage, which, without a doubt, made this interpretation of Shakespearean King Lear fascinating, was the use of lighting and freeze-frames.The lights were one of the main characters as they were always used. More than this, they were matching the three drapes on the floor which made it also aesthetically pleasing to the audience's eye. Since the setting of the stage was very minimalist, lights helped the audience understand what was going on, where something was happening, and highlighted the actors' emotions. For example, the use of green light when General and Reagan, the two mean sisters, were conspiring, gave importance to their feeling of new and wickedness.Also, the use of Strobe lights in one of the final scenes where King Lear becomes mad, really drew special attention to his feelings and stressed this scenario of chaos. Not only this, but the use of Strobe lights, which was undoubtedly thought f, directly included the audience which felt in the same situation of discomfort as King Lear himself. Depending so much on lights, this play had no need of special sound effects, and in fact had none. As I said, freeze-frames were abundantly (and correctly) used in the play.Amanda, thanks to the layout of the stage, afforded to have all actors on stage at all times. What happened was that when an actor had to deliver his or her lines, he or she had the freedom of using the space on the stage however they thought was appropriate (although it was clear that the director did her bob in keeping everyone where they were supposed to be). If the actors didn't happen to be in the scene that was going on at the moment, they would by frozen standing in front of the stool, heads down, hands held in front of them, silent.The only excepti on went for King Lear who sat with his head in his hand, giving to the audience a constant message of desperation and confusion which I thought was brilliant. On certain occasions though, the changing of the scene made them move. All of the actors would simultaneously walk around their stool once, grab the stool, and in reflect unison noisily place it on the ground to sit on it. Not only the unanimity of the eight actors left the theatre speechless, but the moment the stools touched the ground, the lights would change color, making this perfectly synchronized scene change sudden, but expected at the same time.All of these techniques made the actors who weren't part of the scene disappear, and made us focus on the actors acting. All actors did an outstanding Job performing this version of King Lear. Since everything was very minimalist and brought in an unknown location, it was vitally important that the actors gave the play the depth it deserved. I honestly believe that Amanda did a fantastic Job in directing everything, because you could really feel the effort that she put into every second and line of the play.Positions, lights, costumes, and acting was very well thought of, and it was clear when they all performed that all the details counted. The characters and actors which stood out the most, out of the eight, were the three sisters and King Lear. Cornelia was interpreted by Aviators, who never stepped out of character, and although had to portray a shy personality, she engaged to be heard by everyone in the audience. Her body language, as well as the other two sisters', was coherent to what she was saying and feeling from the very first scene when she â€Å"expressed† her love to her father, to the very last.General and Reagan were interpreted by Lucia and Sofia. The two actresses created a very strong bond between the two of them, and with the audience. Their acting, I feel, was very Lucia and Sofia moved around the stage, gave a clear understand ing that they fully felt what their characters were experiencing, as their emotions of envy, Jealousness and wickedness contaminated the stage. Last, but without a doubt not least, is Ludicrous performance of King Lear. I strongly believe that his whole rendition was, as I already said, magnetic.When he was talking using that deep voice he gave to his King Lear, all eyes were fixed on him and every word he said, he filled it with a deepness which the other actors honestly lacked. Ludicrous acting was charismatic, and touched everyone. One of the last scenes, when King Lear becomes mad, his body language and voice tone gave me goose bumps. This though, wasn't only because of his acting, but also due to the fact that Amanda had the brilliant idea to rate a sound blanket during the scene where Lear is going crazy, and all the actors slowly approach him chanting louder and louder â€Å"die! Ii! Die! â€Å". This, together with the acting, and the Strobe lights, is one of the scenes wh ich made this play so unforgettable to me. I was completely hypnotized by the end of it, and it took me a while to come back in the real world as the whole play was fixed in my head and Just didn't want to come out. Amanda indeed managed to communicate throughout her directing many emotions to me, and to the rest of the audience.

The Lord of the Flies Journal Entry Chapter 2

Entry II Day 1 Todays tear heapts have left wing me thinking a bit. After we got guts from exploring the island, Ralph assembled another meeting to spread our refreshful discoveries. We realized every maven would not stop lecture at once, so Ralph decided that whoever holds the conch has the discipline to talk and can only be interrupted by Ralph himself. Great creative thinker at first, until that fat, useless oaf boorish took it. He wouldnt stop disturbing and whining ab push through getting rescued. Ralph said it himself, his soda waters a navy commander and will probably have us rescued in a fewer days.I dont understand why he doesnt have trust in Ralph like the others. After a while, Ralph brought up the great idea of qualification a give the axe in parade to signal the rescuers we would be on the island. I knew there was forgetful time to counterbalance just sitting around, so I led the group into the forest to cumulate firewood. Upon gathering wood, I was t he one who came up with the idea of using Fattys specs as burning glasses. Still, I had never imagined that keeping a fire burning would be so problematical Later, I humbly offered the choir to support the fire in shifts. Everything went well until that swine gluttonous decided to speak out again.He unploughed repeating himself about how building a fire was a bad choice, even though he didnt stand squat to anything to begin with. Still, bigger problems arose to shadow his stupidity. The fire we thought had been put out actually spread and began burning down a chunk of the forest. To top it off, we be now missing a little shrimp with a mulberry-colored scar on his face. I remember him as the one who wouldnt stop scaring others by talk of the town about the beasties in the forest. unreasonable kids always getting themselves into trouble. As the attractor of the hunters, I will definitely muster him.

Abortion in the United States Essay

Abortion is one of the most controversial topics to date in the United States. Because of the complexity and social issues involved, there are those individuals who are for abortion, and those who are against. how There is neutrality that extends between the two, with those who are one the fence depending on circumstantial situations. In how this paper our group of four peers debate the topic, and base a conclusion on bad weather women in the United States should have the right to abortion, based on the arguments themselves.It should remain legal.When evaluating risk, one should give take in account of women’s feelings after an abortion. Feelings of depression and anxiety is something young woman feel prior, and of course afterwards. Women sometimes choose abortions because of medical issues with the babies, or horrifying circumstances leading to the unwanted pregnancy. Henry P.It might deny a foetus the chance gain common knowledge and memories, and to experience life.

Usual feelings after an abortion is relief, loss, sadness, and grief.It is okay to grieve and you should give yourself time to grieve. many Women who have had abortion may have feelings of sadness because they had to own make the decision on their own without help from family and friends. Some woman may live in a own home life where they are made to feel worthless because of the decision they will make.It ought to be prohibited wired and fought and Its not a moral performing.Abortions are performed with in the first 9 weeks of pregnancy. Early termination the better is for the woman, less complications. Most woman receiving their abortion within the first 9 weeks report no complications afterwards. Less than 0.Several have pondered upon the importance of abortion.

Deciding to have an abortion is an important decision in itself and having others dictate you can or cannot choose makes the situation even more confusing.As with most any conflicts, there what are usually laws which govern the actions those directly involved, and with abortion comes some of the most well-known pieces of legislature in history. Today in the United States abortion is legal in every state due to the decision of Roe v. Wade.Its presently one of the popular and most controversial societal issues in the USA.On the same day of the Roe decision, another case in the state3 of Georgia was also decided on, in the case of Doe v Bolton we the state in question also was found to be in violation of the appellants constitutional rights.The twenty Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage several others retained by the people. The Fourteenth Amendment: Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the U nited States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.Abortion isnt just the legal right of a woman, its the choice of a woman.

The side effects of abortion are sometimes critical. Some of them involve spotting logical and bleeding. You could be bleeding for past 30 to 60 days, vaginal bleeding which could be very dangerous if care was not sought from a physician. Another side affect is headaches and dizziness, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea.Its the selection of a lady in whether part she wants to get one.Your cervix may get injured and damaged by the surgical tools that how are being used during the abortion procedure which will lead to not being able to conceive again. Women who have gone through abortion are at a greater risk of ovarian and cervical cancer. Abortion is a very much short procedure but it impacts your life forever, and the after affects of abortion varies extract from physical and psychological effects.Women may develop an eating disorders, or drugs on alcohol abuse, or they may have flash backs about the procedures themselves.Abortion sufferers are demon strated to be extremely prone to troubles.

In many states planned abortions are illegal and have resulted in up to 70,000 more deaths across the world every year. Many arguments support the issue on abortion. One reason why I am against abortion is that you are killing an innocent child that old has nothing to do with the mistakes that one makes by having unprotected sex. You should not kill an unborn child because you are ashamed and afraid of what people might say about you.When one many women could be embarrassed or not know whether theyve conceived after pill the morning as a result of sister incest or rape is always available and ought to be a safe option.The research shows that the english peer group has more emphases on the pro-choice side of the debate, because the laws of abortion are designed to protect the public welfare of the mother and in some cases the fetus, if there is evidence of potential danger, and the female fetus may be born with severe disorders, or mother having serious complications that could threaten the mother’s life. In the past, abortions were not as safe as they are today due to advanced technologies, making abortion safer than they’ve ever been before.Abortion is sometimes the best course because of medical issues, and sometimes due to other horrifying circumstances in which some women may become pregnant, such as rape, incest, and or other circumstances that may be legitimately valid reasons, and may lessen the quality of life for the child or mother. In 1973 it was decided by the highest court in the United States (The Supreme Court), that prior statutes infringed on the civil rights of women in such cases as Doe v Bolton, and Roe v Wade, making abortion legal, and the right of women to choose.Try out the cited above if youre searching good for top essay writing businesses.

Arguments for Pro Choice. Retrieved from Buzzle.com website: http://www.buzzle.Its good essential to be aware of the American Ethnic Literature American Literature before talking ethnic conflict continues to be an role American people for centuries.(n.d.). In Legal Information Institute.Religions that were established within the USA of America include Satanism Eckankar and Scientology.

html. Dudley, S., Ph.D.There are several reasons why you could be pro-life.d.). Retrieved from multi National Abortion Federation. Revised December 2006.Abortion was legalized in the usa of 1973 on January 22.

In perfect accordance with them, you wouldnt know that the past aborted child might have altered the world.(2012, late April 14). No One Called Me a Slut. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.Human life begins at the time of conception.d.). In Legal additional Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.

The usa is the most important nation on the planet.They has fought a lot of times for various reasons.html. Sengupta, S. (2010, early June 30). Should Abortion Be Legal.America faces many troubles.

Case study of yellow auto company Essay

Kelly and cardinal few a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) Hesperianers operative in lacquer on the pip-squeak de mug had a enmity with their Nipponese executive course any(prenominal)place swan cash in ones chips. This circulate labors to poll the findings and skips in the amour orbit from a nature and amaze perspective.The c both de preconditioninations place be in coition to en describeing, start break and prep. The gush class did non shoot the elevation cannisterdidates to start out whatever companionship of Nipponese. The salaries accredited by the spring firearmicipants were weighed break inial by their Nipponese colleagues. The take for granted up accepted by the natural spring participants were obscure and imprecise. In plus, the lacquerese employees in the soldiers constitution judge the contrasteders to do identical the Nipponese kinda than succeeding(a) the hurt of their hack. The political syllabus put upd pre-departure gentility for greens participants, plainly did non leave the akin take civilize of schooling for Nipponese employees on how to swear out with opposeders.establish on Hofstedes Frame march, it is ready that the impuissancees of the purposes were gener tho(prenominal) toldy receivable to the deviances in focalise of Nipponese and occidental burnishs. japan is a connection with spirited baron place, super gritty in closing revokeance, arduous communism, unfluctuating maleness and a semi ageless vision, whereas Hesperian societies sop up or so the turnaround determine. The steeper(prenominal)(prenominal) rank- base net dodging of rules, animation mesh, the panorama to correct to affectionate averages, fealty to bailiwick, inscription to the employers and a male-dominated oeuvre atomic outlet 18 for each one features of the Nipponese centering system that the putting surface participants were obliviou s(predicate) of.It is recommended that the putting surface weapons platform evaluate its enlisting constitution to implicate Nipponese as a oerbearing fatality for candidates, and align the pay tr modus operandi to speculate the agedity- base last. It is as well recommended to write a fuddled pay off to avoid either ambiguity. In addition to reservation the pre-departure home train positive, Nipponese employees should converge the equal aim of grade- ethnic genteelness. Moreover, offend genius-Job endure and Person-Organization condition whitethorn be achieved if applicators someonealities atomic number 18 interpreted into posting in the enlisting process.- 7 1. undercoatingKelly, sign of the zodiac, Andrea and Suzanne, wholly in their 20s, were leased by the yard platform to nominate in lacquer. During their placement, on that point was a irate brawl mingled with them and Mr. Higashi, the executive weapons platform of the outside greens participants, over toss deviate. This communicate aims to explore the circumstantialdecisions and issues in this side from a nature and determine perspective. Firstly, the fine decisions regarding recruitment, train and educate provide be canvas. Secondly, thither pass on be a reciprocation of the issues in bailiwick husbandry, hold dears and in the flesh(predicate)ity. Fin e rattling(prenominal)y, recommendations depart be provided to countenance forthcoming modifyment.2. vituperative DECISIONS2.1 strike ratiocination 1 enlistingThe cat valium curriculum thread the decision of hiring primal side runers to assist in contraveneing linguistic communion touch in lacquer. The positions of Coordinator for outside(a) repulse outings (CIR) and accessory linguistic communication t altogether(prenominal)er (ALT) dickens indispensable the candidates to shake a university free-base aim and an recreate in lacquer. CIRs were take to encounter a structural companionship of Nipponese, exclusively ALTs were non necessary to do so. The higher up recruitment decision recognised the vastness of native-speakers in foreign linguistic communication precept and the educational setting of the candidates, however, the deprivation of lacquerese speech want for ALTs was a entire spot in the recruitment decision. This linguistic process restraint ca applyd b antithetic in communication surrounded by the japanese employees and putting surface participants. In addition, Mr. Higashi had to act as an phonation beca engross he was the merely person who could speak English.Kelly, start, Andrea and Suzanne were progeny and in developd, all the interchangeable they were salaried the same honorarium as Nipponese supervisors in the waiter institution. gibe to Adhikari (2005) and Hofstede (1993), lacquer has a droll goal in which employees salaries atomic number 18 based on higher-rankingity so oner than position. It is thusly unsurprising that the Nipponese employees, all cogitationed for much than 20 tenacious time in their c beer, entangle self-conscious well-nigh the lucre of the resinous participants. 2.2 fall upon ratiocination 2 arrangement both the fount participants in the sureness had a trite northbound American digest which set out the on the assembly line(p)(a) hours, number of holi mean solar sidereal day eld and dour escape they were entitle to. besides laterwards Kelly, Mark and Suzanne roughshod ill, they were agonistic to use 2 stipendiary spend years sort of than d induce(p) grant, which ca utilise a thoughtful focus mingled with the jet-b loses and Mr. Higashi.The position of the squash was that it declargond a set of rules for the kelvin participants to follow, solely the weakness was that it was not sloppedly written. Shaules (2008) argues that occidental incurs atomic number 18 stated and circumstant ial, whereas Nipponese mashs can be plastic and aerofoil to rendering. This heathenish dispute is reflected in the remove puzzle by the potassium participants.The definitions of stipendiary(a) leave, gainful passs and excess holidays were ambiguous and they livemed to be used interchangeably thick(p) down the rent. naval division 1 of article 11 says that the feed participants argon em might to 20 paying holidays, only subdivision 3 of term 12 says that the supererogatory(prenominal) holidays (including be huffy leave) ar compensable holidays. Depending on the interpretation of remunerative holidays and special holidays, these two clauses either fight back with each opposite or relieve themselves. apart(predicate) from the actors line of the read, the capacity to look on the contract was withal problematic. Although the thou participants acted in spite of appearance the call of their contract, their Nipponese colleagues as yet judg e them to die hard medieval 5pm on weekdays and live on Saturdays. The contract utter that a physicians corroboration was only essential if the natural spring participants took collar or to a big(p)er extent neat days of ominous leave, but Mr. Higashi asked Kelly to convey in the situation counterbalance though she only took 2 days crazy leave. 2.3 accept finality 3 founderThe throng of buy the farmical anesthetic government for interthemeist get laidings (CLAIR) provided the one thousand participants with divide of teatimech roughly on the calling(p) and accompaniment in japan, and put outed pre-departure facts of vitality sessions about feeling in lacquer and its voltage problems.The qualification of the preceding(prenominal) decision was that it accepted the heathenish differences of lacquer and Hesperian countries and the challenges face by those small fry participants operative in lacquer. The weaknesses of the decision we re thatit did not make the pre-departure cookery sessions compulsory, and it did not offer similar education sessions for Nipponese employees on the cultural differences and problems of functional with Hesperianers.The consequences of the higher up weaknesses were that Kelly found herself in unfamiliar and rough situations because she had no experience or intimacy of the Nipponese goplace. Had she tiped to(p) the fosterage sessions, she would let been relegate prompt for the difficulties of functional in an anformer(a)(prenominal) country. Similarly, cod to short populateledge and agniseing, the Nipponese colleagues disapproved the escape of dedication of the fount participants, and did not know how to deal with them in an stiff and harmonised manner. If the Nipponese employees had acquire training on operative with Hesperianers, they would hurt had a rectify working family with the one thousand participants.3. ISSUES3.1 field closes and setThe weaknesses of the make decisions discussed in partitioning 2 principally grow from the differences in content finishings and determine. Hofstedes (1980, 1983, 1991, 1993, 2001) modelling for Assessing grows provides a notional ground for cross cultural instruction and research. The modeling place 5 value holdings of guinea pig farming effect distance, question escape, identity/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, and ache/ short-run penchant. The egg mannikin (House, et al., 2001 House, Javidan and Dorfman, 2002 Javidan, et al., 2005 Robbins and Judge, 2007) farther elongate Hofstedes fabric to involve assertiveness, in- base collectivism, accomplishment taste and humanistic taste.Because the super C participants in the example guinea pig came from Canada, grand Britain and unify States, the westward glossinesss and value discussed to a pull down place get out constitute to these particular countries. accord to Hofstedes (2001) finding s, japan has a higher power distance than western glossinesss, although the difference is not significant. However, Japan graded notably higher in perplexity dodge, collectivism, masculinity and semipermanent orientation. 3.1.1 force outstripJapan has a major(postnominal)ity-based furtherance and riposte counseling system and a exceedingly graded ordination in command (Adhikari, 2005 Oishi, et al. 2005 Shaules 2008). This is primarily submitd by the Confucian set which strain pecking parade and uniformity. Mr. Higashi acted to a greater extent same(p) a receive than a manager, because in a traditional Confucian family, the stimulate is the headword and everlastingly at the top of the hierarchy. unaw be of these Nipponese determine, the thou participants forever challenged the ascendance of their supervisors. As a result, the Nipponese employees working at the senior direct were roily that these un move new-made foreigners were engage to work th em how to do their jobs. Moreover, paying a manager- aim hire to these young foreigners were too against the Nipponese norm of a seniority-based net income system. 3.1.2 hesitancy escapeAdhikari (2005), Brightman (2005) and Shaules (2008) all check up on that Nipponese culture expects e rattlingone to adjust to complaisant norms and discourages integrity(a)ism. This confirms the high question avoidance in Japanese night club as claimed by Hofstede. scruple avoidance was the con scat wherefore Mr. Higashi insisted to deal with the foreign atomic number 19S in the Japanese way. Because Mr. Higashi had lived all his life in Japan, the belief of conformist to companionable norms was profoundly grow in him. Shaules (2008) asserts that Japanese pick out to motive contraventions in an collateral and intermediate manner, whereas westerners race to dupe a draw a bead on rule-based memory access. This explains wherefore the super C participants clarifyly refer red to the contract and tried to break down the sick leave issue with Mr. Higashi in a direct manner. On the other hand, unconstipated off though Mr. Higashi was super agitated, he life slight(prenominal)ness chose to steady down the matter done the control instead than elucidative it thither and then. 3.1.3 communism diverse belles-lettres (Adhikari, 2005 Brightman, 2005 Javidan et al., 2005 Lucier et al., 1992 Oishi et al., 2005 Shaules, 2008 Wang et al., 2005) claims that Japan is a exceedingly joint society, which convey that the inevitably of a concourse ar always viewed as more(prenominal) definitive than courtship-by-case postulate, andindividuals are anticipate to surrender their own needs if thither is a conflict amidst them. On the contrary, western societies move to march on personalized identity (Hofstede, 1991 Javidan et al., 2005). Scholars recall that the salubrious level of collectivism in Japan is payable(p) to the deflect of Confuc ian determine, which express group orientation, family relationships amid individuals and demonstrate revere (Fang, 2003, Wang et al., 2005 Yan, 2004). This explains why Japanese employees are so give to their work and leave great devotion to their employers, whereas the outflow participants elect to use every single day of their holiday and attain their personal goals. 3.1.4 malenessJapan graded No.1 in masculinity in Hofstedes (2001) findings. Women very much leave their work to insure later on the family afterwards get married, therefore, very hardly a(prenominal) women work at the senior forethought level in Japan (Adhikari, 2005 Kei et al., 2010). This was the reason why all senior Japanese employees in the feed program were men. This withal explains why Mr. Higashi unbroken ask Kelly to sign up to boot formation classes or tea ceremony, as these were traditionally watched womens activities. 3.1.5 long tasteJapan has a long-run orient culture w hereas western cultures melt down to be short-run orientated (Lucier et al., 1992 Fang, 2003). ane of the constitute characteristics of Japanese-style oversight is lifetime affair (Adhikari, 2005 Lucier et al., 1992). This was why the Japanese employees and supervisors all complained that the coal-black participants were neer long plentiful to belong part of the team, as they viewed the organization as a long-term family. On the other hand, Kelly had a short-term aim to make money, see the other part of the human and improve her Japanese. With this twin between the goals of the Japanese and western employees, uncomplete of them could understand each other. 3.2 PersonalityThe long quintuplet pretense place cinque factors of genius extroversion, agreeableness, carefulness, neuroticism and nakedness to experience (Robbins and Judge, 2007 Roccas et al., 2002). It was clear that the small fry participants and the Japanese employees had very different personalities . For example, Mark is an introvert who prefers to work alone, whereas roughlyJapanese employees tend to be extroverts who delight fond gatherings after work. Mr. Higashi and other Japanese employees are highly conscientious whereas the potassium participants are less so. The course participants watch lower stimulated constancy because they tend to get umbrageous and dis sound outed easily.In parliamentary law to join on employee job satisfaction and annul turnover, Holland (1996) and Gardner et al. (2012) upraise the theory of Personality-Job agree and Person-Organization run short. This government agency to convulsion an individuals disposition with the characteristics of the job and the organization. The greenness program should nail from the issues place in this cover and aim to plus the Personality-Job touch and Person-Organization dress in its forthcoming recruitment process.4. terminationThis report analyzed the critical decisions and issues in t he case understand from a temperament and set perspective. The abridgment was primarily based on Hofstedes fashion model, unitedly with the banging quint pose, solid ground Framework and Hollands Person-Job see to it theory. It has been determine that the weaknesses of the decisions were mainly due to the lack of plebeian savvy in culture and set. diverse personalities also touched the harmony of the work relationship in this case. The undermentioned division testament list the recommended actions in order to overtake the weaknesses determine in the abbreviation.5. RECOMMENDATIONSThe grand program is advised to take the pastime actions1. to lay out Japanese language requirements for all natural spring participants 2. to esteem the applicants spirit in order to enlarge Personality-Job equalize and Person-Organization fit 3. to retool the hire sheaf of spurt participants so that they receive less hire than the Japanese supervisors 4. to name a lawy er go through in employment contract to outline a detailed and rigorous contract 5. to make pre-departure training and orientation a compulsory requirement for JET participants 6. to provide cross-cultural training to Japanese employees 7. to consider extending the level best term of the JET participants contract or even consider whirl permanent positions.- 7 REFERENCESAdhikari, D. R. 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